Relative roles of different atmospheric waves in the initiation and propagation of MJO over the Indian Ocean
In this work, we aim to understand the relative roles of different atmospheric waves in initiating and propagating the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian Ocean under the circumnavigating signal. Convection-permitting (9 km) regional model (WRF) simulations are performed for the October 2011 MJO event, which was well observed during the Dynamics of the Madden Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign. The control simulation (1st Oct – 15th Nov 2011) can realistically capture the MJO initiation and propagation. Our initial analyses suggested that the eastward propagating MJO signal dominates this MJO event during the initiation phase, but the MJO and Kelvin waves dominate the propagation phase in terms of both vertical velocity and moisture. Analyses of the heat and moisture budgets reveal that the generation of moisture and temperature signals is controlled by the vertical advection of mean temperature and moisture by anomalous ascending motion by the MJO and Kelvin waves component. To further quantify the relative roles of the MJO and Kelvin waves for the propagation phases, we design two experiments by removing the (i) MJO signal (No-MJO) and (ii) Kelvin waves (No-Kelvin) signal from the initial and boundary conditions of WRF and repeat the simulations. The No-MJO experiments depict weaker propagation by weakening the MJO signal and the Kelvin wave components. The intraseasonal forcings through the lateral boundaries are found to be essential in diminishing the MJO signature in the No-MJO experiment. The removal of the Kelvin wave in the no-Kelvin experiment can capture the propagation phases, possibly due to the presence of the MJO signal, which further generates the Kelvin wave at the end of the active phases (26th Oct – 1st Nov). These experiments suggest that the propagation of MJO phases is mainly forced by the MJO and Kelvin waves, with the initiation of the Kelvin wave supported by a favorable MJO envelope.