Analyzing Surface Mass Balance from E3SM Against RACMO and Observational Data
It is increasingly important to accurately simulate the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) and surface energy budget (SEB) as the GrIS is the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise, and its contribution from surface melt of snow and ice is expected to increase as polar temperatures continue to rise. Here, for the first time, we evaluate the GrIS SMB and SEB simulated by the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). This work compares ERA5-driven simulations of SMB and SEB from E3SM, and Regional Atmospheric Climate model (RACMO versions 2.3p2, and 2.4) with a comprehensive suite of observational data using the Land Ice Verification and Validating tool kit (LIVVkit). Previous comparisons have shown that regional models, such as RACMO, simulate more accurate SMB than Earth system models due to their higher spatial resolution, advanced snow and ice processes, and downscaled precipitation patterns over the GrIS. However, over the past few years, the physical parameterizations of snow and ice physical processes have been improved in E3SM. These modifications include a new snowpack scheme, which extends the current 1m snowpack to 30m with a more advanced snow densification scheme, and improved representations of both bare ice albedo and snow thermal conductivity. The preliminary results of our comparison show that the SMB estimated by E3SM is approximately 16 kg m-2 a-1 (~3%) higher than RACMOv2.3p2, and 30 kg m-2 a-1 (~11%) less than RACMOv2.4. Compared to observational SMB estimates, E3SM accurately captures the spatial trends in central and southern Greenland, but does not capture measured ablation in northern Greenland. The sources of these discrepancies will be further described and the impact of the improved bare ice albedo scheme and snow thermal conductivity will be assessed relative to previous versions of E3SM, RACMOv2.3p2, RACMOv2.4, and observational data.