Climate change is reshaping the composition and function of Arctic ecosystems in numerous ways, impacting biodiversity and altering the long-term carbon storage capacity of the biome. A key challenge with respect to measuring these changes is to understand the influence of fire and other types of disturbance on plant functional type composition and ecosystem fluxes. New observational constraints are offered by solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), yet the relationship between SIF and gross primary production (GPP) is not well known in Arctic tundra, particularly as a consequence of disturbance-driven changes in species composition and soil dynamics. Here, we used the Anaktuvuk River Fire that burned in 2007 on Alaska’s North Slope as a case study to explore the post-fire evolution of thaw depth, vegetation cover, vegetation indices, SIF, and GPP. GPP was measured using eddy covariance flux towers at moderate and severely burned sites within the fire and in a nearby unburned control site. We also extracted land cover, near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), and SIF from multiple remote sensing datasets within the fire perimeter and for a surrounding unburned control region. In severely burned areas 11-15 years after the fire, relative shrub cover increased by 43 ± 22% (mean ± s.d.), corresponding to mid-summer enhancement of SIF by 48 ± 34%, NIRv by 28 ± 6%, and GPP by 31 ± 26% compared to unburned controls. A key driver of the spatial structure of SIF enhancements was post-fire increases in shrub cover, with a relatively high spatial correlation between the two variables (r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Post-fire shrub cover, in turn, was closely related to maximum thaw depth (r = 0.34, p < 0.01) and burn severity (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). Our findings imply that fire can contribute to multi-year increases in mid-summer GPP and may accelerate longer-term changes in plant functional type composition driven by climate warming.